I’m a big advocate for adding dumbbells to your home gym.
They’re versatile and highly effective at building strength, improving conditioning, training muscular imbalances, and more.
But because dumbbells are free weights, you need a good place to store them.
Adding a dumbbell rack not only keeps your space organized, but it also protects your dumbbells and improves the overall look of your gym.
We’ve owned and tested every type of dumbbell rack, including tiered racks, saddle racks, A-frame racks, and more. Here are some of the factors we considered when making our list(more below):
- Size: How much space does the rack take up? How many dumbbells can it fit?
- Strength: What size and guage is the steel? How much weight can it hold?
- Purpose: Is the rack better for a certain dumbbell style? Is it modular to store other items?
In this article, I’ll share our picks for the best dumbbell racks for different dumbbell styles, space limitations, price, and more. Whether you own fixed or adjustable dumbbells, we’ve got you covered.
What’s the Best Dumbbell Rack?
We found the REP Dumbbell Rack to have the best blend of storage capacity and value. We love the compact size, and the color options are a great way to enhance the look of your gym. We’re also impressed with the 1,000 lb weight capacity and its ability to perfectly fit a set of 5-50 lb dumbbells.
In This Article: Our Picks | Comparison Chart | Benefits of Dumbbell Racks | Types of Dumbbell Racks | How to Pick | Honorable Mentions | Frequently Asked Questions
The Best Dumbbell Racks
Best Overall: REP Dumbbell Rack
Most Versatile: Rogue Universal Storage System 2.0
Best Budget: Titan 3-Tier Dumbbell Rack
Best Premium: Prime Fitness Dumbbell Rack
Best for Adjustable Dumbbells: Titan Fitness Adjustable Dumbbell Rack
Best Wall-Mounted: PRx Wall-Mount Dumbbell Rack
Best for Small Spaces: Marcy Dumbbell Rack DBR-86
Best for Beginners: CAP A-Frame Dumbbell Rack
Best Dumbbell Rack Overall: REP Dumbbell Rack
The REP Dumbbell Rack is a simple storage solution for dumbells. This 3-tier rack will hold 5-50lb DBs in 5lb increments in addition to others.
Key Specs
- Weight Capacity: 1,000 lbs
- Length: 48″
- Depth: 23.4″
- Height: 24.6″
- Weight: 75 lbs
- Tiers: 3
Summary
The REP Dumbbell Rack is my top pick for most people. This was the first dedicated dumbbell rack I purchased for my home gym, and it’s become one of the most popular options since. In my experience, this rack strikes a great balance between price and function.
One of the most attractive features of this rack is its footprint. At 48″ long and 23.4″ deep, it doesn’t take up a lot of floor space, but it still provides enough room to load plenty of dumbbells.
I love the length of this rack compared to some others because it accommodates a set of 5-50 lb dumbbells perfectly. Whether you have rubber hex, urethane, or steel dumbbells, you can store them on this rack. If you have a larger set, you can purchase two and place them side-by-side.
Built with 11-gauge steel, the REP Dumbbell Rack has a 1,000 lb weight capacity, which is plenty for most home gyms. In my gym, I had one rack with 5-50 lb dumbbells in 5 lb increments and another with 60-100 lb dumbbells in 10 lb increments. It was a fantastic, low-profile setup.
Another nice feature of this rack is that REP sells it in several colors, including matte black, metallic black, red, and blue. You can pick the one that best matches your gym, and if you have other REP gear, you’ll get a perfect color match.
For the money, I’ve yet to find a better-performing dumbbell rack than this one. It’s affordable, ships for free, and comes with a lifetime warranty. It’s simply a great home gym dumbbell rack.
Pros
- Strong 1,000 lb weight capacity w/ 11-gauge steel
- Great footprint with only ~23″ depth
- Holds a 5-50 lb dumbbell set
- Available in several colors
- Affordable price w/ free shipping
- Lifetime warranty
Cons
- You may need a second rack for heavier increments
- Round-head dumbbells may roll toward the center
Most Versatile Dumbbell Rack: Rogue Universal Storage System 2.0
The Rogue Universal Storage System is great for storing dumbbells, but it can also be used to store other items such as kettlebells, med balls, etc.
Key Specs
- Weight Capacity: 1,000+ lbs
- Length: 76.5″
- Depth: 23.75″
- Height: 29.25″ or 45.25″
- Weight: N/A
- Tiers: 2 or 3
Summary
The Rogue Universal Storage System 2.0 is one of my favorite multi-purpose home gym storage racks. You can store all kinds of gym tools on it, making it the most versatile dumbbell rack on our list.
The biggest benefit of this system is that you can customize it based on your storage needs. Rogue offers a two or three-tier system, allowing you to pick the right type of shelf. They carry shelves for dumbbells, kettlebells, and medicine balls, but you can store bumper plates and more. The dumbbell shelves are angled for easy loading and unloading, giving it a traditional dumbbell rack look and feel.
Additionally, the base has holes where you can attach barbell holders for additional storage, making this a true multi-purpose storage system. It also comes with four caster wheels, allowing you to move it around your gym easily.
Dimensionally, the Rogue Universal Storage System measures 76.5″ long and 23.75″ deep. I love the depth for a low-profile setup, but the length may be a challenge for smaller gyms. Still, it’s not as long as full-length dumbbell racks. The height is based on tiers, but it’s only ~45″ tall at the highest.
If you’re looking for a dumbbell rack that does it all, this is a great option. It’s more expensive than most, but the versatility is hard to beat if you have the budget for it.
Pros
- 11-gauge steel construction w/ over 1,000 lb weight capacity
- Available in 2 or 3 tiers
- Holds dumbbells, kettlebells, plates, medicine balls, and more.
- Side holes for optional barbell holders
- Includes caster wheels for portability
Cons
- No color options
- More expensive than most
Best Budget Dumbbell Rack: Titan Fitness 3-Tier Dumbbell Rack
The Titan 3-Tier Dumbbell Rack is a space-saving and budget-friendly rack with capacity for a set of 5-50 lb dumbbells and more.
Key Specs
- Weight Capacity: 800 lbs
- Length: 44.5″
- Depth: 21″
- Height: 30.5″
- Weight: 45 lbs
- Tiers: 3
Summary
The Titan Fitness 3-Tier Dumbbell Rack is a solid choice for budget shoppers. This no-frills rack has a compact footprint and good overall specs at an affordable price.
At just under 45″ long, this rack will fit a standard set of 5-50 lb dumbbells in 5 lb increments. It’s slightly narrower than the REP dumbbell rack above and has a smaller depth of only 21″. Those wanting to store this many dumbbells in the smallest footprint will appreciate this Titan Rack.
While I love the space-saving design, this rack is built with 12-gauge steel, giving it a lower weight capacity of 800 lbs. While that’s not a factor for a 5-50 lb set, storing larger sets may not be possible.
Aside from the favorable dimensions, the biggest benefit of this dumbbell rack is the price. When you factor in free shipping, it represents one of the best values on the market.
Pros
- Excellent price w/ free shipping
- Compact footprint w/ only 21″ depth
- Holds a 5-50 lb dumbbell set
- 800 lb weight capacity
Cons
- 12-gauge steel isn’t as rigid as 11-gauge
- Only available in black
Best Premium Dumbbell Rack: Prime Fitness 4-Tier Dumbbell Rack
The Prime Fitness Dumbbell Rack is a premium, customizable, and efficient dumbbell-only storage rack. With a pull-out tray on the bottom, there's nothing currently else like it.
Key Specs
- Weight Capacity: 2,100+ lbs
- Length: 97″
- Depth: 32″
- Height: 44″
- Weight: 470 lbs
- Tiers: 4
Summary
The Prime Fitness Dumbbell Rack is arguably the nicest option on the market. I’ve owned this rack since 2022, and it’s the best I’ve used. The function and aesthetic are next-level, but it’s expensive and has a lengthy lead time.
The most unique feature of this dumbbell rack is the pull-out bottom shelves. Each shelf holds two pairs of dumbbells with a whopping 1,000 lb capacity. It’s perfect for storing your heaviest dumbbells, and it functions brilliantly. The shelves roll out with minimal effort and extend fully for easy access.
Aside from the functional benefits, this shelf also reduces its footprint. As a 4-tier dumbbell rack, having a permanent bottom shelf would add significant depth. However, with the pull-out shelf, this unit only has a depth of 32″, which is impressive for a full-size rack.
The biggest downside to the Prime Dumbbell Rack is its 97″ length. While common for full dumbbell racks, it’s built for larger spaces. However, on the plus side, it holds a full set of 5-100 lbs of dumbbells in 5 lb increments (20 pairs) and carries a huge weight capacity of over 2,000 lbs.
Another benefit of this rack is that you can customize it with your colors based on specific color codes. If you have other custom pieces in your home gym, this will fit right in.
As you might expect, a premium dumbbell rack like this comes at a premium cost. In addition to being more expensive, you should expect longer lead times since they’re made to order. Ultimately, this is a high-end dumbbell rack for those with bigger dumbbell sets, spaces, and budgets.
Pros
- Brilliant design w/ pull-out bottom tray
- Holds a 5-100 lb dumbbell set (20 pairs)
- Custom colors and logos are available
- Angled shelves are easy to access
- Stainless steel weight call-outs
- Saddles are perfect for round dumbbells
Cons
- Expensive for most home gym owners
- Long lead times
Best Adjustable Dumbbell Rack: Titan Fitness Adjustable Dumbbell Rack
The Titan Adjustable Dumbbell Rack is a compact, affordable solution for storing a wide range of adjustable dumbbells up to 260 lbs total.
Key Specs
- Weight Capacity: 260 lbs
- Length: 23.5″
- Depth: 26″
- Height: 28.125″
- Weight: 40 lbs
- Tiers: N/A
Summary
I’m a big fan of adjustable dumbbells in a home gym because they can replace a large fixed dumbbell set in just a single pair. In addition to their space savings, they’re also typically more affordable.
While not necessary, adding a dumbbell rack for a set of adjustable dumbbells can be beneficial for easier access and a cleaner look. I recommend the Titan Fitness Adjustable Dumbell Rack for most home gym owners since it can fit various options, including Nuobells, PowerBlocks, Ironmasters, and more.
At only 23.5″ long and 26″ deep, it has a compact footprint that fits nicely in nearly any size gym. Each tray measures 8.25″ wide and 19.5″ long, giving plenty of space for 90+ lb dumbbells.
I also love that Titan includes side posts for storing adjustable dumbbell plates. This is a clever solution for plate-loaded dumbbells since you can store the handles up top and the plates down below.
With most adjustable dumbbells weighing less than 200 lbs combined, this dumbbell stand’s 260 lb weight capacity is more than enough.
While this is a great third-party option, you can always buy stands directly from the adjustable dumbbell manufacturer. Most of them offer dumbbell racks, but they may cost more and have larger footprints – that’s why I recommend the Titan version.
Pros
- Compatible with most adjustable dumbbells
- Very compact footprint
- Integrated posts for plate storage
- Angled platform for easy access
- Affordable price
Best Wall-Mount Dumbbell Storage Rack: PRx Dumbbell Storage System
The PRx Wall-Mount Dumbbell Rack is the ultimate space-saving option. This system can mount flat or angled on your wall and can store dumbbells, kettlebells, and more
Key Specs
- Weight Capacity: 1,000 lbs
- Length: 35.75″
- Depth: 15.125″
- Height: 12″ – 14.25″
- Weight: N/A
- Tiers: 1
Summary
The PRx Wall-Mount Dumbbell Rack is the most unique option on this list. PRx Performance is known for their space-saving home gym solutions, including their popular folding squat racks and more.
Their dumbbell rack is equally good at saving space because it keeps everything off the floor. Each shelf measures 35.75″ long and ~15″ deep, meaning one shelf can store a pair of 5, 10, 15, and 20 lb dumbbells. Alternatively, one shelf can store pairs of 25, 30, and 35 lb dumbbells.
Depending on your wall space, you can either stack multiple shelves or place them side-by-side for a longer dumbbell rack. Regardless, four racks will allow you to store 5-60 lb dumbells in 5 lb increments.
PRx designed these shelves to mount to your existing wall studs spaced between 8″-30″. You can mount them at an angle for dumbbells or flat for things like kettlebells. And with a weight capacity of 1,000 lbs, you’re more than covered.
I love this solution for those who are very tight on space but want to store more dumbbells than most compact dumbbell racks. However, these are on the expensive side and serve a niche market.
Pros
- Excellent weight capacity of 1,000 lbs
- Eliminates floor footprint
- Mountable as flat or angled
- You can stack them or place them side-by-side
- Works will all types of dumbbells
- Flat side can fit kettlebells and more
Cons
- Not everyone wants to drill into their walls
- Not great for larger dumbbell sets
- More expensive than most
Best Compact Dumbbell Rack: Marcy Dumbbell Rack DBR-86
The Marcy 3-Tier Dumbbell Rack offers an efficient footprint at an affordable price. It can't hold as many dumbbells as some, but the compact design is great for small spaces.
Key Specs
- Weight Capacity: 1,000 lbs
- Length: 37″
- Depth: 24.75″
- Height: 33″
- Weight: 54.5 lbs
- Tiers: 3
Summary
The Marcy 3-Tier Dumbbell Rack has a traditional design but in a more compact frame. At only 37″ long, it’s shorter than similar-style options, which comes with pros and cons.
On the plus side, it takes up less room in your gym. If you like having a tiered rack but don’t have as much space, this could be a nice alternative. Compared to the REP and Titan racks above, it’s 11″ and 7.5″ shorter, respectively.
However, it doesn’t fit as many dumbbells. While you can fit a full 5-50 lb dumbbell set (10 pairs) on those, the Marcy may only allow 8 pairs, depending on the type of dumbbells you own. And even then, you may have a single pair on two rows, which some may find frustrating.
I’m pleasantly surprised with the 1,000 lb weight capacity on this rack. Despite not holding as many dumbbells, it’s a strong rack capable of holding heavier increments.
I recommend this option for those who have a mix of dumbbells, need to save space, and don’t want to spend a lot of money. Otherwise, I think most are better off with the REP or Titan dumbbell racks above, especially those with more complete dumbbell sets.
Pros
- High weight capacity for a budget option
- Excellent footprint for small spaces
- Very affordable
- Ideal for smaller or lower-weight sets
Cons
- Smaller size won’t fit as many dumbbells
- 30-day warranty is lower than higher-end models
Best Dumbbell Rack for Beginners: CAP A-Frame Dumbbell Rack
The CAP Barbell A-Frame Dumbbell Rack is perfect for smaller dumbbell sets, beginners, and ultra-small spaces. It's very affordable and takes up virtually no room.
Key Specs
- Weight Capacity: 200 lbs
- Length: 14.4″
- Depth: 12.8″
- Height: 26″
- Weight: 11 lbs
- Tiers: 5
Summary
The CAP A-Frame Dumbbell Rack is an ideal choice for storing a small number of light dumbbells. I like this choice for beginners, budget shoppers, or those with small spaces.
At only 14.4″ long and 12.8″ deep, this rack offers one of the smallest footprints you’ll find. It’s great for bedroom and apartment gyms, but it’s a practical solution for any room with limited space for a full dumbbell rack.
The A-frame design stacks 5 pairs of dumbbells with easy access on both sides. I like that the U-shaped hooks are lined with plastic to protect the rack and dumbbell handles. It also comes with rubber caps for the feet to protect your floor.
The biggest limitations to this type of rack are weight capacity and how many dumbbells it can hold. It’s designed to hold a 5-25 lb dumbbell set in 5 lb increments with a 200 lb weight limit.
If you only plan to own a few dumbbells, I recommend this type of storage over others for space and money savings. I also love that the CAP A-frame dumbbell rack comes in several colors.
Pros
- Minimal footprint
- Very light for easy portability
- Ultra-low price
- Ideal for beginners with smaller weights
Cons
- Low weight capacity
- Limited to 5 pairs of dumbbells
Compare our Top Picks
Compare our selection of the best dumbbell racks below based on key specs. Scroll right to see more.
REP Dumbbell Rack See More | Rogue Universal Rack See More | Titan 3-Tier Rack See More | Prime 4-Tier Rack See More | Titan Adjustable Rack See More | PRx Wall-Mount Rack See More | Marcy DBR-86 See More | CAP A-Frame Rack See More |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Award | Best Overall | Most Versatile | Best Budget | Best Premium | Best Adjustable | Best Wall-Mount | Best Compact | Best for Beginners |
| Length | 48″ | 76.5″ | 44.5″ | 97″ | 23.5″ | 35.75″ | 37″ | 14.4″ |
| Depth | 23.4″ | 23.75″ | 21″ | 32″ | 26″ | 15.125″ | 24.75″ | 12.8″ |
| Height | 24.6″ | 29.25″ – 45.25″ | 30.5″ | 44″ | 28.125″ | 12″ – 14.25″ | 33″ | 26″ |
| Weight | 75 lbs | N/A | 45 lbs | 470 lbs | 40 lbs | N/A | 54.5 lbs | 11 lbs |
| Weight Capacity | 1,000 lbs | 1,000+ lbs | 800 lbs | 2,100+ lbs | 260 lbs | 1,000 lbs | 1,000 lbs | 200 lbs |
| Tiers | 3 | 2 or 3 | 3 | Pin | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 |
Benefits of a Dumbbell Rack
Improves Efficiency
One of the biggest reasons to buy a dumbbell rack is to organize your gym. When you have an organized gym, you can train more efficiently because you’re not searching for things, stumbling over weights on the floor, etc.
Looks Better
In addition to increased efficiency, an organized gym looks better and more professional. I’m a big believer in creating a space you actually want to train in. Having a clean, aesthetic gym can be motivating, not to mention fun to show off. Whenever I’ve toured someone through my gym, the dumbbell rack is one of the biggest wow factors.
Protects Your Dumbbells
Let’s face it – dumbbells are expensive. Storing them on a quality dumbbell rack protects them and extends their life simply by getting them off the floor. You’re not tripping over them or dropping things on them, and they aren’t exposed to dirt, debris, or water.
Types of Dumbbell Racks
Shelf Racks
Best for: Hex Dumbbells | Weight Capacity: Great | Footprint: Great | Price: Good-to-Great
The shelf/tier dumbbell rack is the most common and popular style for home gyms. They generally have 2 or 3 tiers and can fit up to 20 pairs of dumbbells. They’re ideal for 5-50 lb sets with 5 lb increments, but always confirm the specs before purchasing.
These racks work with all dumbbells but are ideal for hex dumbbells because of their flat design. They’re also some of the most compact and affordable dumbbell racks, making them a great choice for most people.
Multi-Purpose Racks
Best for: Dumbbells & More | Weight Capacity: Great | Footprint: Good-to-Great | Price: Good
Multi-purpose storage racks, sometimes called mass storage systems, are perfect for those storing more than just dumbbells. These systems offer multiple tiers, and some can range in width, depending on manufacturer options.
Another big benefit is that they allow you to pick the types of shelves you need. This can include angled shelves for dumbbells, flat shelves for kettlebells, and split shelves for bumper plates, medicine balls, etc. Many of them also include barbell holders on the ends for additional storage.
Multi-purpose racks are typically larger and more expensive than traditional shelf-style dumbbell racks.
Saddle-Style Racks
Best for: Round Dumbbells | Weight Capacity: Great | Footprint: Fair | Price: Fair
Saddle-style dumbbell racks are a premium option commonly seen in commercial gyms. These are ideal for round-head dumbbells since their rounded cups prevent rolling.
Saddle racks are typically larger than others, fitting a full 5-100 lb set in 5 lb increments (20 pairs of dumbbells). They’re the most professional-looking dumbbell racks, and some companies provide custom colors and logos. However, they’re also the most expensive option and are best for those with bigger spaces and budgets.
A-Frame Racks
Best for: Light Dumbbells | Weight Capacity: Fair | Footprint: Excellent | Price: Excellent
A-frame dumbbell racks are best for beginners and light dumbbells. These generally hold 5 pairs of dumbbells from 5 to 25 lbs. While they don’t hold a lot or have a high weight capacity, they have an ultra-small footprint, making them great for small spaces. They’re also the least expensive type of dumbbell rack.
How to Pick a Dumbbell Rack
Here are a few of the most important factors to consider when buying a dumbbell rack:
Design
When picking out a dumbbell rack, consider the type of design you want or need. Ultimately, the best design for you will be based on a combination of the factors below. How many dumbbells do you have? What kind of dumbbells do you have? How big is your gym? Are you storing more than just dumbbells?
With these considerations in mind, you can narrow the list down and let other factors, like price, lead you the rest of the way.
Materials
Most dumbbell racks are made of steel and built to last. Some racks are built with thinner gauge steel, which reduces weight, but at the expense of durability and overall quality. Other racks built with 7 or 11-gauge steel are heavier and more expensive, but they’re higher quality and carry better warranties.
In addition to the structure, you should also consider other materials, including shelf and floor protection. Some racks have rubber linings and/or plastic feet to keep your equipment and floors from damage.
Weight Capacity
One of the most important things to consider is how much weight the dumbbell rack will hold. High-quality racks can hold at least 1,000 lbs, which is approximately 5-70 lb dumbbells in 5 lb increments. Ask yourself how many dumbbells you plan to store and buy accordingly.
I recommend at least 800 lbs for most people, but lighter capacities may be suitable depending on how many dumbbells you have.
Footprint
A reality of owning dumbbells is that they can take up a fair amount of space, depending on the type and quantity of dumbbells you own. Most dumbbell racks measure between 45″-97″ long and 21″-32″ deep for a total square footage of between 6.5′-21.5′. If you have a lot of dumbbells and don’t want to take up a lot of linear footage, I recommend mass-storage systems that allow you to add several vertical tiers.
Type of Dumbbells
The type of dumbbells you own will go a long way toward finding the right rack. Nearly every type of dumbbell will work on a rack, but some are better than others. For example, round dumbbells are much better suited for saddle racks to prevent rolling, while hex dumbbells work best on flat shelves.
Modularity
Those looking at multi-purpose storage should consider modular systems that can grow or be customized to your needs. For instance, you can use some racks for dumbbells, kettlebells, medicine balls, slam balls, bumper plates, and even barbells. Furthermore, some modular systems have holes in the uprights for storing other things, like bands, chains, barbell collars, etc. Those same holes can also be used to daisy chain multiple racks together for the ultimate home gym storage system.
Portability
While less important than others, portability may be a factor to consider. Some dumbbell racks have the option to add caster wheels underneath, allowing you to move your rack around. Since most home gym owners aren’t frequently changing their layout, it’s not for everyone, but some may like the added functionality.
Price
Dumbbell racks can range in price from under $100 to over $3,000, depending on style, size, brand, etc. You can buy high-quality tier racks for between $150-$300. Multi-purpose racks are more expensive, typically starting around $300+, while saddle dumbbell racks usually start around $600.
Other Dumbbell Racks We Considered
- PowerBlock Column Stand – The Column Stand from PowerBlock is a solid adjustable dumbbell rack. Of course, it’s built for PowerBlock Dumbbells, but you can use the stand for various brands and models. The large version can accommodate dumbbells up to 90 lbs, while the smaller is for 50 lb dumbbells or less. While this is a versatile and affordable rack, I mainly recommend it for PowerBlock owners.
- Marcy DBR-56 Dumbbell Rack – The Marcy DBR-56 is an ultra-affordable multi-purpose dumbbell rack. It can store 4 pairs of dumbbells on the sides and additional pairs on the two inner horizontal shelves. You can also use the shelves for storing other items, including plates, kettlebells, yoga blocks, and more. It has a lower 400 lb weight capacity, but it’s a good option for less than $50.
- Fringe Sport Space Saver Dumbbell Rack – The Space Saver Dumbbell Rack from Fringe Sport is a compact option for smaller home gyms. With a weight capacity of 400 lbs, it’s best for small dumbbells or low quantities. It’s also fairly expensive for what you get. Our top compact pick above has a similar footprint, higher weight capacity, and lower price.
- CAP 2-Tier Dumbbell Rack – The CAP 2-Tier Rack is another budget-friendly, compact option for smaller dumbells. This rack holds a set of 5-25 lb dumbbells for less than $50.
FAQs
Should I Buy a Dumbbell Rack For My Home Gym?
I highly recommend a dumbbell rack to anyone who owns dumbbells. A dumbbell rack creates a more efficient, better-looking gym while protecting your equipment and investment.
Do Dumbbell Racks Come With a Warranty?
Yes, most dumbbell racks have a warranty, but not all are the same. Make sure to check the manufacturer’s policies before purchasing. Budget racks usually have a 30-day warranty, while high-quality racks have at least 1 year and sometimes a lifetime.
What Type of Dumbbell Rack is Best?
I recommend a traditional shelf/tier dumbbell rack to most people because they’re versatile, space-friendly, and cost-effective. However, you should consider your needs to determine the best type. This includes the number and type of dumbbells you own as well as space, budget, and other storage requirements.